1 KROK Business School, KROK University (Kyiv, Ukraine)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29202/asl/17/3
Received: 2 April 2026 / Accepted: 29 May 2026 / Published: 30 June 2026
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Abstract
The study demonstrates that the existing framework of international space law establishes fundamental principles applicable to AI-enabled space activities but does not adequately address algorithmic autonomy, dynamic system behaviour, limited human intervention, opacity of decision-making processes, and the allocation of responsibility among multiple actors. The risks associated with space-based AI are classified into four interconnected levels: institutional and governance risks; systemic and mission-level risks; operational and assurance-related risks; and cyber, information, and data-oriented risks.
It is argued that legal requirements should be differentiated according to the autonomy of the AI system, the criticality of its functions, the probability and severity of potential harm, and the possibility of effective human oversight. The proposed model is characterised by its multilevel, mission-centric, proportionate, life-cycle-oriented, evidence-based, preventive, and adaptive nature. It also requires controlled autonomy, continuous monitoring, independent verification and validation, clear allocation of obligations and liability, integrated cybersecurity safeguards, and international regulatory interoperability.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; space activities; risk-based regulation; international space law; legal liability; human oversight; cybersecurity.
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